语用学 (Pragmatics)

　　1、会话准则：

　　(1)Maxim of quality 质量准则：使你的话尽量真实。

　　(2)Maxim of quantity 数量原则：你的话应当包含所需要的信息内容。

　　(3)Maxim of relevance 相关准则：使你的话与话题相关。

　　(4)Maxim of manner 方式准则：表达要清晰，避免模糊、歧义。

　　2、Speech act theory言语行为理论

　　(1)A locutionary act (言内行为)is the act ofuttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax lexicon and phonology.

　　An illocutionary act (言外行为)is the act of expressing the speaker’s

　　intention; it is the act performed in saying something.

　　(3)A perlocutionary act(言后行为)is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is theconsequence of,or the change brought about the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.